The aim of this research was to determine the effects of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA species on soil nutrient elements in its habitat. For rangeland, ecological positive or negative effects of plant species on environment must carefully be examined before allowing their plantation in vast areas; on the other hand this species with their special characteristics have special effects on their surrounding environment that should be considered. CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA is one of non-native and adapted species in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that its habitat has 3500 ha area. Effect of this species on environment requires more studies on their different aspects. Here we studied effect of this species on soil in order to assess its ecological effects on environment. This species distributed in all of the landscape but most distribution of species located at southern and northern aspects and in areas with flat topography. Companion species in topography position are different. This species can establish in non saline soil. The research was carried out at three stages of field sampling, soil test and statistical analysis. The research method was based on comparison between adjacent stand and stands of this species. Soil variables in two depth 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm were measured. Result showed that in two depths, were not significant differences but, in case of soil mineral elements, plant stands have significant difference; effect of depth and plant stands was not significant. There was significant difference adjacent stand and stands of this species in terms of Na, Mg, OC and in stands of this species were greater than the adjacent stands. This species increased content of carbon organic and Na, Mg. From the results obtained on three topographic positions, despite of negative effect of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA on sub soil with increase of Na and Mg, it can be concluded that CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA had a positive effect on soil organic¬ matter. In general this plant has a good perspective and further studies about different aspects of this species are necessary.

CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA is one of the rare species in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province with a distribution of 3500 ha in Doto-Tangsayad. In the current study, distribution of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA in the province, vegetation and companion species, phenology and relationship between plant and environmental factors were studied to investigate some ecological characteristics. Although CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA has a large distribution in the studied area, the best distribution pattern was seen in southern and northern aspects as dominant or companion species. CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA is companion with other species in different aspects. According to the results, average of plant parameters differed in different aspects as the most canopy cover and density of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA were recorded in southern aspect. In view of forage quality, protein content and digestibility of the mentioned species are high. CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA can be established in none saline soils (Ec<2dsm-1) and alkali soils (7.5<pH<8.5) with a soil texture of clay, clay loam, loam and calcareous soils (20-30%) having a low content of organic matter and gypsum. Among studied elements C, N, Ca and Mg were much higher in the soil under CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA vegetation due to the need of range species and easy access to these elements. In comparison to K and P, Na was higher in CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA because of high sodium adsorption ability in plants of Chenopodiacea with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. In general, study of the mentioned species is essential to consider its multiple uses.

Determination of forage quality of rangeland plants is one of the fundamental factors for evaluation of grazing capacity and management of rangelands. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), metabolic energy (ME) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) are some of the important factors determining the forage quality. The present study was conducted to evaluate the forage quality of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA and Echinophora platyloba in Doto-tangsayad of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. The study area is located in the north east of Shahrekord. During the study, samples were collected from species of C. MONSPELIACA and E. platyloba with four replications in three phonological stages. The quality indices of acid ADF, CF, CP, ME and DMD were measured at three stages of vegetative growth, flowering and seed ripening (maturity). First, data of quality indices were examined by SPSS software for normality then, these indices were compare at three stages of vegetative growth, flowering and seed ripening for these species by applying one way ANOVA. The results showed that forage quality of these species were higher in vegetative growth than of flowering and seed ripening. Also there was a significant difference between two species in different phonological stages. Better forage quality was found in C. MONSPELIACA because of greater CPo.

This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter of the canopy cover, dry weight of plant shoots and dry weight of flowering shoots were measured. Soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were also measured by using different methods. Correlation, factor analysis, stepwise and path analysis were used for identifying effective traits on shoot yield and essential oil percentage. The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between total shoot yield with number of tiller (r=0.96**), canopy diameter 1 (r=0.84*), canopy diameter 2 (r=0.86**), flowering shoot yield (r=0.79*), total chlorophyll 1 (r=0.77*), chlorophyll b (r=0.67*) and iron (r=0.84*). There was significant negative correlation between total shoot yield with soluble sugars (r=-0.80**), proline (r=-0.88**), calcium (r=-0.70*) and chlorine r=-0.94**). Significant positive correlation was observed between flowering shoot yield with number of tillers, canopy diameters1 and 2, essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll 1 and iron. Essential oil percentage showed significant positive correlation with number of tiller (r=0.79*), canopy diameters 1 (r=0.79*), canopy diameters 2 (r=0.83**), total shoot yield (r=0.76*) and shoot flowering yield (r=0.84**) shoot yield and iron (r=0.86**). The results of factor analysis showed that first component with number of tillers, big and small canopy diameters, total shoot yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil percentage and iron could justify more than 55% of total variance. The result of stepwise analysis on dependent variable (essential oil percentage) showed that iron and total shoot yield with a determination coefficient of 0.8048 were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that iron had the highest direct positive effect on essential oil percentage. According to the results of stepwise analysis, number of tillers and plant height were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of tiller had the highest direct positive effect on total shoot yield.

Background and objectives: Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of phenological stages on the essential compounds of plants. CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L., a perennial plant from the Chenopodiaceae family, is a key indicator species in rangelands, thriving in wet and saline soils. In Kurdistan province, the habitat of this species is rapidly diminishing. There is a lack of literature on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of its essential oil. This study aims to identify and compare the chemical compounds of C. MONSPELIACA essential oil at different growth stages to determine the optimal harvest time for maximum yield. Methodology: To investigate the effect of phenological stages on the quantity and quality of C. MONSPELIACA essential oil, a winter rangeland in Qorveh region, Kurdistan province, was selected. The area has a cold semi-arid climate and experiences inundation during wet seasons due to low soil infiltration capacity. Eighteen foliage samples were collected at vegetative growth (spring) and flowering (summer) stages using a systematic-randomized procedure. After air-drying in the shade, combined samples from each six samples were prepared, resulting in three samples per vegetative stage for laboratory analysis. Essential oil extraction was performed through water distillation, and the obtained oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The relative percentage of each compound was calculated from the undercurve area in the GC spectrum. Compounds were identified using inhibition time, Kovats index, mass spectra comparison with standard compounds, and existing data in mass databases. Data analysis was conducted using independent student t-tests in SPSS software. Results: A total of 91 compounds were identified at both vegetative growth and flowering stages, with 90 compounds common to both stages. Essential oil yield was higher at the flowering stage (12.0%) compared to the vegetative growth stage (0.071%). The predominant compounds at the vegetative stage were Citronellal and alpha-Pinene, while at the flowering stage, they were alpha-Pinene and endo-1-Bourbonanol. The amounts of endo-1-Bourbonanol and pentanoate were 3.14% and 2.27% higher at the flowering stage than at the vegetative stage. Cembrene A-(3Z) was a specific compound of the vegetative growth stage, absent at the flowering stage, while n-Nonadecane was specific to the flowering stage. Conclusion: Phenological stages significantly affect the quantity and quality of essential oil compounds in C. MONSPELIACA. The flowering stage is recommended as the optimal harvest time for maximum essential oil yield. For the acquisition of alpha-Pinene, the flowering stage is also the most appropriate harvest time.

Realizing the chemical components of plant species possessing multi-purpose significance can specify the planning priorities for utilization and wise management of rangeland species. CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA and Echinophora platyloba are two of the endemic species in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiary rangelands that because of their grazing importance, it is necessary to study the nutritional elements for better range management. To study the mineral elements of the species in Doto-tangsayad habitat, the collection of species was carried out in three stages of growing, flowering, and seeding in spring, summer and autumn. Mineral elements of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc and copper were measured. First, the data of mineral elements were examined by SPSS software for normality then, these indices were comparing at three stages of growing, flowering, and seeding for these species with critical level livestock by applying one way ANOVA and T-test. The results showed there isn’t a meaningful difference concerning the amount of mineral elements between two of the species at phonological stages (growing, flowering, and seeding) except in copper. The amount of mineral elements in two plants has been decreased from growing to seeding during the time. There is also a meaningful difference in the mineral elements of Echinophora platyloba except zinc. There is no difference on growing stages of mineral elements of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA except Magnesium. Generally, mineral elements of two species are provided all elements livestock needs, except zinc and sodium.

Iran ranges have one of the most reach floras in the world that the main part of this flora is medical plants. Many compounds in essential oil of these plants can use in food and medical industries that should attend in multiple use of ranges. One of the medical plants in Iran ranges is CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. This research to identification and detennination yield of essential oil composition of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. in three main habitat (Arak, Hamedan, Shahr-E-Kord) in two phonological stages including vegetative and flowering stages were done. The results show that the total yield of essential oil changes between 0.1% to 0.2%. Overall 114 components were identified of total essential oil of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. in three mentioned habitats the most components belong to Hamedan and the lowest belong to Arak in flowering stage (Hamedan=103, Shahr-E-Kord=78 Arak=55). Through identified compounds 10 common compounds had the most yields in flowering stage in three areas including:

Introduction: Plant and soil conservation play a vital role in effective rangeland management, especially in dealing with the threats caused by climate change. On the other hand, there exists a complex interaction between soil and vegetation in rangeland ecosystems, neither of which is solely dependent on the other. Moreover, various natural factors, including climate change, aridity, desertification, and drought, may accelerate the degradation of rangelands, making the identification of such a relationship a necessity for evaluating the potential for carbon sequestration in arid and semi-arid landscapes. In this regard, as rangeland ecosystems in Qahavand plain, Hamadan, have been influenced by drought and desertification, this study sought to examine the relationship between soil parameters and the key species of the Qahavand rangeland, that is, CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L., concentrating on the storage of organic carbon. Materials and Methods: to collect soil and plant samples from the study area during the mid-growing season, three transects and eleven plots were selected using a systematic randomized sampling method. The positions of the transects were chosen based on the overall slopes of the area, and the plots were selected randomly along each transect using Google Earth software and GPS. Moreover, soil samples were taken from depths of 0-15 and 15-50 cm, which were then transferred to the laboratory for analysis. In this regard, a total of twenty-two soil samples and eleven aerial biomass samples were collected for further chemical analysis so that changes in soil and plant properties can be studied. Finally, various parameters such as soil and plant organic carbon, soil texture, pH, EC, bulk density, total nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonium were measured, followed by the performance of statistical analysis and linear correlation using SAS v. 9. 4 software. Results and Discussion: Changes in the organic carbon content and their relationship with other parameters were investigated in the areas covered by CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. The results revealed no significant changes in organic carbon, acidity, total nitrogen content, nitrate, and ammonium at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-50 cm (P>0. 05). Therefore, it can be argued that the presence of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. species does not exert a significant influence on those parameters in surface and subsurface soils. On the other hand, notable changes were found in clay percentage and specific bulk density at both soil depths mentioned above. Moreover, Pearson's linear correlation analysis between soil parameters and organic carbon content indicated that except for silt percentage (p>0. 05), there was no strong and significant relationship between the two. Generally, changes in soil organic carbon content, acidity, clay percentage, sand percentage, total nitrogen percentage, nitrate, and ammonium were found to have been aligned in the same direction. However, the organic carbon content showed an inverse relationship with other parameters. Therefore, it could be argued that except for silt percentage (r=-0. 41, p ≤ 0. 05), there was no significant correlation between soil organic carbon and the other parameters. While variations in soil organic carbon were generally expected to be found within the 0-50 cm depth, no significant changes were reported within the study area in this regard. In other words, the analysis of changes in soil organic carbon and linear correlations did not show any substantial difference in the organic carbon content between the surface and subsurface layers of the soil covered by CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L, indicating that no significant alteration has occurred in soil organic carbon storage within the 0-50 cm depth of Qahavand rangelands which is dominantly covered by CAMPHOROSMA MMONSPELIACA L. The phenomenon could be attributed to the plant's morphology and root growth patterns, considering the fact that CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. is characterized by a deep robust root system that can extend up to a depth of six meters and cover an area of 60-70 cm, contingent upon the groundwater depth. Furthermore, the absence of noticeable changes in other key properties of both surface and subsurface soil may also be related to such a phenomenon. Additionally, no significant correlation was found between the organic carbon storage in surface and subsurface layers of the soil and the plant’s organic carbon. It should be noted that interactions among numerous factors play a crucial role in predicting soil carbon reservoirs and that inorganic carbon could potentially constitute a significant reservoir in Qahavand rangeland soils. Accordingly, it is recommended that a broader range of physical and chemical properties of both the soil and CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. be monitored to gain a comprehensive understanding of soil carbon sequestration within the region. Based on the average soil organic carbon content and soil bulk density, estimations suggest that the potential for soil organic carbon sequestration within the 0-50 cm depth of Qahavand rangelands approaches 90. 9 tons per hectare.

Interrupting the processes which control ecosystem resources has dramatic impacts on the rangeland conditions. To protect ecosystems and landscape, it needs to understand the ecosystem processes which regulate the ecosystem resources. As main components of ecosystems, patches and inter-patches play important roles in energy and materials cascade. Ecologically, functional parameters such as stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling serve as key factors determining the movement of sediments, nutrients and organic matter as well. The present research aims to evaluate and compare the ecological patches of grasses, shrubs and mixed grasses- shrub using indices of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling. Therefore, sampling was carried out in Qahavand rangelands located in the south east of Hamadan province, Iran on three patches of grass (Cynodon dactylon), shrub (CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA L. and Astragalus microcephalus) and mixed grasses-shrub (CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA+Cynodon dactylon) to evaluate the aforementioned parameters. Samples were taken along three 50 m transects using LFA (Landscape Function Analysis) method. Three indices of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling and their individual contributions on the whole ecosystems' functions were determined. Results showed that all three patches vary significantly in function so that the mixed patch (CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA+Cynodon dactylon) may be accounted for the highest values among the others. The study area had a good level of stability and nutrient cycling while infiltration rate was moderate mainly due to much proportion of clay in soil texture. Somehow, results of soil profile study in the area imply good stability and moderate infiltration.

In this research, habitat of CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA was studied ecologically. This species has spread into an area of more than 3500 ha within Doto-Tangsayad in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. After identification of the stands of this species and selecting stands with and without this species; vegetation cover and environmental factors such as topography, physical and chemical properties of soil were studied Random-Systematic sampling method was considered with plots which that area was determined by minimal area method. Plant species was recorded along five transect per stand. In the present study quantities parameters of C. MONSPELIACA were analyzed using SPSS software. A matrix of plant stands and environmental factors was prepared and data were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using PC- ORD software. Result indicated that CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACAspecies has scattered more along the second axis that plant stands were in southern aspect and had more density and cover percentage. From the results obtained on three topography position, slope aspect has significant difference on distribution of this species. In general, the most important effective environmental factors in vegetation distribution pattern were elevation, sodium, organic matter, sand, calcium carbonate and magnesium.